Key finding: Postmenopausal women who smoke have significantly higher concentrations of sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, in their blood compared to non-smokers.
Research shows that women who smoke exhibit elevated levels of sex hormones post-menopause. Nicotine from cigarettes influences a brain gland that stimulates the adrenal glands and ovaries to produce these hormones. While the increase varies by hormone, it may pose health risks.
The study
Dr. Judith Brand from UMC Utrecht analyzed data from over 2,000 postmenopausal women, averaging 67 years old. Drawing from the EPIC study—a comprehensive dataset on 25,000 participants' lifestyles and health—she provides robust evidence.
Dr. Brand categorized smoking women into three groups: fewer than 10 cigarettes per day, 10-15 per day, and more than 15 per day. Results showed a clear dose-response: heavier smoking correlated with higher sex hormone concentrations. Notably, women who quit smoking over a year ago had hormone levels comparable to non-smokers.
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Links to chronic diseases
Many sex hormones are associated with chronic conditions like breast cancer, cervical cancer, and diabetes. Smoking may elevate these hormone levels, potentially increasing disease risk.
Similar effects likely occur in premenopausal women who smoke, though measurement is challenging due to the monthly cycle and hormone fluctuations.
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